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Coeur d'Alene (Cœur d'Alène, snchitsu'umshtsn) is a Salishan language. It was spoken by only two of the 80 individuals in the Coeur d'Alene Tribe on the Coeur d'Alene Reservation in northern Idaho, United States in 1999. It is considered an endangered language. However, as of 2014, two elders in their 90s remain who grew up with snchitsu'umshtsn as their first language, and the use of the language is spreading among all age groups.〔
The Coeur d'Alene Tribal Language Program and elders have actively promoted the use of the language, and have created computer sounds that use Snchitsu'umshtsn phrases. Radio station KWIS FM 88.3 in Plummer, Idaho offers programming to preserve the Snchitsu'umshtsn language.〔 Lawrence Nicodemus, "a retired judge and former tribal council member," became a scholar of the language. He had worked with linguist Gladys Reichard in his youth, and went on to create a grammar, dictionary, and instructional materials. Nicodemus taught language classes until his death at age 94. The Coeur d’Alene Tribe’s language program has "taught classes and worked with the language department to record more than 2,000 hours of audio and video."〔 Classes are also available at North Idaho College. == Orthography == There are three different orthographies presented in Table 1, giving the interpretations of previous scholarly works. Coeur d’Alene examples have been taken from the works of Nicodemus et al.〔Nicodemus, L., Matt, W., Hess, R., Sobbing, G., Wagner, J. M., & Allen, D. (2000). Snchitsu’umshtsn: Coeur d’Alene reference book. Plummer, ID: Coeur d’Alene Tribe.〕 as well as from the COLRC website.〔Bischoff, S., Doak, I., Fountain, A., Ivens, J., & Vincent, A. (2013). The Coeur d’Alene Online Language Resource Center. Retrieved from The Coeur d’Alene Online Language Resource Center: http://lasrv01.ipfw.edu/COLRC/〕 Notes on Writing Systems # LPO, the linguistic phonetic orthography, is a third orthographic system based on a variant of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Many Salishan scholars, such as Lyon Greenwood, call the LPO orthography the Salishan orthography. This system will also be used by the Coeur d’Alene Dictionaries Project in conjunction with the Bitar system.〔Doak, I. G., & Montler, T. (2000). Orthography, lexicography and language change. Proceedings of the fourth FEL Conference. Charlotte, NC: Foundation for Endangered Languages.〕 # Bitar is another name referring to Lawrence Nicodemus’s orthography.〔 Lawrence Nicodemus was one of Gladys Reichard’s language consultants, and in collaboration with Joseph Bitar of the Southwest Research Associates of Albuquerque, he created a second orthography, which is less accurate phonetically but reflects the native speaker’s interpretation of the sounds, symbols, and words of Coeur d’Alene.〔 # Gladys Reichard and James Teit, students of Franz Boas. Reichard conducted early scholarly work of the Coeur d’Alene. Reichard and Teit developed an orthographic system, slightly varied from the Boasian system, which was consistent with phonetic transcriptions of native speakers Reichard worked with as well as consistent with transcriptions from Teit’s previous data. This system has come to be known as the Reichard orthography.〔 # In Doak and Montler,〔 /e/ is used in the LPO orthography, equated with /ɛ/. Doak〔Doak, I. G. (1997). Coeur d’Alene grammatical relations (Doctorate dissertation). Austin, TX: University of Texas at Austin.〕 explains that /ɛ/ ranges freely between (), (), and () with /ɛ/ being the most common variant. This gives clarity to her variance in representing the sound in vowel inventories of her website and her dissertation as /e/ or /ɛ/. # Doak and Montler,〔 Doak,〔 and Doak〔Doak, I. G., & Montler, T. (2006). Reichard’s Coeur d’Alene Texts. 17 July 2006. Web. Jan. 2015. Online: http://ivydoak.com/Coeurd'Alene/ReichardTexts.htm〕 use the notation /x̣/ while Lyon〔Lyon, J. (2005). An edition of Snchitsu’umshtsn: volume II: A root dictionary (Master’s thesis). Missoula, MT: University of Montana.〕 uses the notation /x̌/ to indicate the same phoneme and orthographic symbol. Okanagan〔Pattison, Lois C. (1978). Douglas Lake Okanagan: Phonology and Morphology. M.A. thesis, University of British Columbia.〕 also utilizes the wedge notation for this same phoneme: /x̌/. # Standard Salishan (LPO)〔 and Doak〔〔 uses the notation /ɬ/ while Lyon,〔 and Greenwood,〔Lyon, J., & Greene-Wood, R. (2007). Lawrence Nicodemus’s Coeur d’Alene dictionary in root format. Missoula, MT: UMOPL.〕 Nicodemus et al.,〔 and Reichard used the notation /ł/ in consonant inventories and orthographies in reference to the same sound which Doak〔 describes as bilateral. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Coeur d'Alene language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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